WILLIAM MCKINLEY

Referring to President William McKinley who was extremely sensitive to public opinion:

In many recent Presidential elections many have thought a Vice Presidential candidate superior to the Presidential candidate. Such was also the case in 1900.

Explanation for his assassination of President William McKinley:

After hearing that Speaker Thomas Reed's bid for the presidential nomination was thwarted by Mark Hanna in favor of William McKinley, Fessenden remarked to Joseph Homan Manley, chairman of the Republican National Committee:

“Waving the bloody shirt” was a term that some Southerners accused Northern post Civil War politicians of inflaming Northern public opinion by relating incidents of Northerners who wanted to help uphold the equal rights of Blacks in the South and were murdered by the Klu Klux Klan and waving a bloodstained shirt belonging to the dead martyr. There never was an incident that could be documented of actually waving a bloody shirt. But many Northern politicians related events of Southern lynchings and other assaults on Blacks and Whites who were guilty of nothing but claiming lawful rights for Negroes. Northerners who remembered the Civil War and the atrocities and war crimes of Andersonville and Quantrill’s Raiders when they heard these speeches were outraged and angry. This created much anti-Southern attitudes in the North and the West some of which exist to this day.

Theodore Roosevelt had just been nominated as Vice President and the Republicans were almost certain to win the general election. The Chairman was alsays very distressed by Roosevelt. The New York conservative Republicans leaders had pushed him out of the Governorship by getting him nominated as VP as NY business leaders were fearful of TR’s business reform ideas. Hanna worried that if TR ever reached a position of power, he would alienate business from the national Republican party. When McKinley was assassinated, Hanna’s worst fears were realized. See his reaction {585078}

Macdarland’s role was the equivalent of the Mayor of Washington DC. As an ally and apologist for McKinley, he felt that the President was doing the best he could to deal with the monopolies who were then keeping competitive capitalism from functioning properly. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt thought McKinley weak and vacillating especially on the “trusts”, and when he assumed the Presidency, he accomplished much more. TR however did not discover the Trust problem. As this quotation shows, there was general political awareness amongst the politicians of the day of the Trust/Monopoly problem in America. It was Roosevelt who did something about it to the distress of many of his own party leaders who had previously intimidated McKinley into inaction.

The three richest men in America—John D, Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Morgan, usually major rivals—had gathered together to decide what to do about William Jennings Bryan, who they viewed as very hostile to business and capitalism. (See {641037} and {641038} for Bryan quotation examples that concerned them.) They agreed to combine their efforts and back William McKinley who was running for the Republican Presidential nomination. In those days, the nominee was chosen by a small group of party leaders and their resources guaranteed McKinley the post. They then put large amounts of money to campaigning against Bryan and for McKinley including dirty tricks, many of which are illegal today. It is not known for certain whether McKinley knew the extent of the involvement of the monopolists, but shortly after assuming the Presidency he cut back on many of the relatively few regulations that then existed to control unbridled capitalism. Their effort went for naught when McKinley was assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt became President. Roosevelt would not be bribed or intimidated, and he did more to control monopolies than even Bryan would likely have.

Even though Roosevelt was the most popular President since George Washington, he had his critics. Taking office in 1900 after the assassination of President McKinley, he was often compared stylistically.

Roosevelt was then the Vice President.

In 1898 the President was faced with a great dilemma in the Philippines. Giving the islands back to Spain after the war was unthinkable. Germany and France were waiting to step in. Self government was viewed as impractical, given the state of affairs at the time. The President decided to take the islands.

He had concluded that Spain, who then ruled the Philippines, was incompetent, cruel and immoral in its rule, but that the Filipinos were not educated or sophisticated enough to rule themselves. However, he felt that he had to protect our commercial interests in the islands and the region, and was worried that commercial interests of other countries would take over and control the area. Another reason that this is a very important quotation is that it indicates the anti-Catholic bias in America at the time. Note that the President stated that one objective was to “Christianize” them. However, Spain had been in the islands for over 300 years and most Filipinos were already Roman Catholic. However, Roman Catholics were then a much smaller proportion of the American population and many Protestants didn’t think Catholicism was a legitimate Christian Religion. When the majority of Americans thought of Christianizing other people, they thought of Protestant missionaries much like England. At the time there was very little criticism of the President for the “error” of stating that Filipinos should be Christianized when they were so already Spanish Colonial Policy and Practice was generally terrible and particularly so in the Philippines, See {629450}.

Shortly after the Maine blew up in Havana Harbor:

Note that he referred to the “martyred President” as if Lincoln had recently been assassinated. It was actually 33 years after, and many of his audience had lived through what for most was their greatest national trauma. Springfield was the hometown of Lincoln and many in the audience had served under Lincoln in the Union Army. At that time, a statement like this praising Blacks was hated in the South, and unusual even in the North. However, politically the Solid South then always voted for the Democrats, so he and his party would never win any Southern States anyway, but the KKK was active in Illinois and many other Northern States. Adjacent Indiana was the headquarters of the KKK. There was much racism in the North so this speech was quite courageous. Republican Presidents Hayes, McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt made significant inroads in the racial problem and brought Blacks into Federal jobs. The progress, however, was totally undone by Woodrow Wilson who fired most Blacks who had gotten Federal jobs. Wilson needed the Southern legislators which was a major component of his party. He also came from New Jersey which had a strong KKK element who pressured him. Jim Crowe, the KKK and racism increased and the Republican Presidents thereafter did little for Civil rights. The great progress was made by Democratic Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Truman, and Lyndon Johnson and the Democratic Party replaced the Republicans as the Civil Rights party, and the Southern Democratic politicians switched to the Republican Party ending its traditional leadership in race relations