QIANLONG EMPEROR
(Ch'ien-lung | Qianlong)
This was in response to English Emissaries who wanted to establish trading businesses in China. The Emperor would not even meet personally with Lord McCartney, the first British envoy because McCartney would not kow-tow to the Emperor. The “hongs” were special businesses set up by Chinese businessmen who had paid the Proper fee, for the purposes of being traders with foreigners. Canton, now Guangzhou, is 150 years later still the major international trading center in China although there are no longer restrictions. At the time, the British paid for their Chinese good with Opium that they had purchased in their Indian Colony. English cloth and other goods would be sent to India, traded for opium, which was brought to China and traded for tea, silks and porcelain which were returned to England and turned into cash than was worth much more than their original purchase and the cost of the voyage.
The Emperor had refused to allow trade between China and the Western “Christians” See {641621}. The English diplomats implied to the Emperor that the ships would trade with costal Chinese despite his edicts. He threatened to use force to prevent contact. His Empire, however, was not strong enough militarily to keep the English and other Christians away.
Macartney did not even get to see the Emperor. Qianlong wrote the statement and left it on his throne and that is all that the British Emissary got from his trip. In reality much of the difficulty had to do with the refusal of the English party to observe Chinese Court Etiquette. It all had to do with bowing and kowtowing. The Chinese chief minister persuaded the Emperor that since China was the center of the Universe and the most advanced civilization as such China was in no need of the Barbarian English. Macartney would not kowtow or prostrate themselves in front of the Dragon Throne insisting that kneeling on one knee and bow to the throne as they did for their King. So the king never appeared and MacArtney returned empty-handed. In contrast Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch trade emissary did kowtow and follow court etiquette and was quite successful.
The Qianlong Emperor was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1735 to 1796. Born Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1735 to 8 February 1796. In 1796, he abdicated in favour of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor—a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who ruled for 61 years. Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power as the Retired Emperor until his death in 1799. He thus was one of the longest-reigning rulers in the history of the world, and dying at the age of 87, one of the longest-lived. As a capable and cultured ruler inheriting a thriving empire, during his long reign the Qing Empire reached its most splendid and prosperous era, boasting a large population and economy. As a military leader, he led military campaigns expanding the dynastic territory to the largest extent by conquering and sometimes destroying Central Asian kingdoms.
