Pastures Quotes
This is one of the earliest codifications of grazing rights. Note that the free grazing privilege only applied to small herds. For more than 10 adult animals there were fees. The issue of grazing rights and fees is still debated. The principle was extended to smaller animals such as sheep and goats, but the maximums increased.
The Bedouin live by their flocks without which they have little material existence.
The notion that public lands should be available for the grazing of private herds of animals is very old. Note that the Roman law expressly forbade the collection of fees for grazing rights. The reasoning was that virtually all free Romans had animals that needed grazing and pasture land. So all citizens could take advantage of the public facility. As society became more industrialized and specialized, the percentage of citizens who could benefit reduced over time until there became less than 1 percent of citizens who could benefit from a asset that was paid for and maintained by all citizens. Then there was a rationale for charging user fees.
See {638095} for a brief explanation of the Jubilee. Spinoza was one of the most feared intellectuals in human history—feared that is by the established power structures. He is the only known person who was excommunicated by the Catholics, the Jews and the Muslims—all were forbidden to read his works. He was the enemy of authority and advocated personal reason as the guide for men.
