Oath of Allegiance Quotes
The Fascist Dictator hinted at all the Church property that the State might seize and began to place taxes on the Church and in a brilliant political stroke actually negotiated the Lateran Pacts of 1929 with the Church whereby the Dictator would guarantee all the churches property and protect its officials end exempt the church from taxation and all the Church had to do was have all their Italian Bishops swear to this oath of political support for the dictatorial fascist state and its outrages and aggression and denial of rights. He actually have the church more religious power than they had enjoyed in Italy for years. For example he turned over the public school curriculum to the church with no other religion considered. Despite thus oath of the Italian bishops, there were a number of individual Catholic priests who aided the anti-Fascist resistance, but for the most part Mussolini bought the political and moral support of the Catholic Church. Apologists for the Church at the time point out that the entire Vatican and the Pope was totally within the dictator’s span of control, and he could jail any of the Holy see who criticized him or have them executed as he did so many others. He could also loot the Vatican and sell off holy relics and other object to finance his wars of aggression and his alliance with Hitler. They argue that there was nothing any priests could say that would break the iron hold Mussolini had on Italy and at least, the priests could perform their pastoral functions so long as they supported the Fascists. The debate continues to this day. However, after WWII Italians left the Catholic Church in droves and it is one of the least religious states in Europe.
In contrast to so many of the world’s leaders of newly independent countries who would rarely relinquish power, O’Higgins, Bolivar and other South Amiercan early liberators were idealists who were uncomfortable with power and were disappointed at the factions and warlords and were anxious to leave office.
The members of the Ribbon Society were referred to as Ribbonists and they saw themselves as a counterweight to the Orange Order of the extremist Protestants. The Protestants were the “Hereticks”—this was the spelling of the time.
In his Senate confirmation hearings Frankfurter was repeatedly asked about his association with the ACLU and his views on Communism by conservative Senator Pat McCarran:
The Roman Senate elected two Counsels who were the Executive of the State. Gaius Marius was elected Counsel 7 times making him perhaps the most popular politician of the ancient world. Prior to his law, only Roman men who owned sufficient land could join the army.
Referring to the 1989 National Endowment for the Arts censorship regulations requiring grantees to sign an agreement regarding the content of their work:
For the required Oath, see {623308} . There were several to the amnesty. These included graduates of West Point and the Naval Academy who had joined the rebellion, senior officers and officials of the Confederacy, those who were accused of war crimes and abusing Union prisoners of war, persons who went abroad to help the Confederacy, and Northerners who had gone South to aid the rebellion. Many scholars think that although Lincoln had expressed his desire to provide an amnesty after the war was over, he probably would have been more lenient than Johnson who exempted many on the Southern side—especially the leaders. Ironically, Johnson was a Southerner but was personally, morally outraged at taking up arms against the United States and in that sense was much more of a hawk than Lincoln and many of the radical Republicans even. However, he was an inveterate racist and resisted most of the attempts to implement equality during the Reconstruction. Many argue that but for Johnson, Reconstruction might have been much more successful. It was easy for Southerners to resist equal rights for Blacks when they knew that the President was also opposed to measures to produce equality.
Jackson was reacting to the claimed right of South Carolina to nullify Federal tariffs and other Federal laws.
This is one of the earliest examples of attempting to reduce crime by altering community norms.
This oath was required of Southern Rebels who wanted obtain amnesty from treason which they had committed by engaging in the Civil War. See {623307} for the Presidential Proclamation.
The Emperor had made his brother King of Holland, thinking of it as an unimportant backwater of the French Empire. But Louis took his oath and job very seriously, and although he did not have the great talent of his brother, he made a serious effort to be a good king.
