Spencer Abraham Quotes

The “gap” is different in different fields. Public health has a particularly large gap while laser app;ications have a much smaller one.

He was observing that from a public policy point of view, it is very difficult to target research funds on projects that will have practical innovations because so many come from basic research or research in an entirely different field of science.

This is why the American Government has played such a major role in most of the great technologies in American History. Interchangable Parts (A federal contract with Eli Whitney), Canal Construction (New York State built the Erie Canal), the Railroad (federal government gave hugh tracts of land to build the rail lines to the West), the Telegraph (No one would use it until the government financed the experiment to prove it by creating a line between Baltimore and Washington), AC Electricity, there the city of Rochester NY hired Tessler and Westinghouse to Demonstrate Generating Electricity at Niagra Falls and transmitting it over 20 miles which Edison’s Direct Current could not do), immunization (the Army Medical Corps gave the first grants to universities to develop the science of vaccines and immunization, the computer (in WWII the U. S. financed the development of computers sent to England to implement Turing’s breaking of the German “unbreakable” code), atiomic energy (the Manhattan Project—the largest scientific endeavor the world has known), the Internet (Developed with long term research funds for DARPA the future technology research arm of the Defense Department. American investors and businesspeople took each of these and developed them but the initial steps, when no capitalist dared risk on such basic and futureistic efforts were taken by American Government which probably could never have developed these technologies but the private sector could not do it with government in the role Moritz herein describes.

The Senate had heard technical testimony of the Research Director of the Department of Energy on the importance of funding research on J/Psi particles and quarks:

This is one of the reasons that scientific research pays such large dividends to society.

Most environmentalists limit the vision of their solutions to using less of our precious natural resources which is very important but just as important and perhaps more so in the long run is increasing the supply of these resources. Food is an example. The major reason that there is no serious food shortage world-wide is that we have increased the productivity of agriculture requiring less labor, less water, less fertilizer, less land, and less dependency on weather. Distribution has also improved, but there is no very good way of distributing something for which there is a great shortage.

He had just published a paper for the American Association for the Advancement of Science reporting on his development of techniques to transplant arteries from one animal to another. This was the beginning of transplantation. However, immediately he envisioned the possibility of transplanting all organs in humans including the heart. It would take half a century for Dr. Christian Barnard to actually transplant a heart, but the idea was not novel. It had been a goal since Flexner made this quotation.

This is one of the most momentous quotations of all time. Otto Hahn was a German Chemist who until recently had worked with Lisa Meitner in one of the most productive scientific collaborations of all time. However, Meitner was Jewish and had to flee from Germany with Hahn’s help for her life. She went to Stockholm where they were doing almost no nuclear research and although she was a famous physicist, there was no laboratory or university that could use her talents, thus her term “empty handed”. She and Hahn had conducted a series of experiments bombarding radioactive material with particles which transmuted the radioactive element to another element nearby on the Periodic Table of the elements—an element with a close atomic number. After Meitner escaped, Hahn with Fritz Strassmann assisting, bombarded uranium the heaviest element with neutrons, the heaviest particles. However, in addition to the expected results, a substantial amount of Barium remained after the bombardment. Hahn was a brilliant experimental chemist and at first he assumed that perhaps they had identified the Barium erroneously or the data was read incorrectly, or the experiment had been contaminated. There was no explanation for it. So he sent copies of all the data to Meitner a brilliant Physicist and Mathematician who was the theoretician of their team. She studied the data with her nephew, Otto Frisch who was a young up and coming mathematician. After a few days, she had figured it out. Hahn had produced the first human induced case of nuclear fission although they gave it that name a little later. She and her nephew confirmed all the data readings mathematically and proved exactly what had happened. She refers to it in the letter as “splitting” the atom. She wrote to Hahn and explained what had happened. Without any intention of doing so, he and Strassmann were the first scientists to create a real example of nuclear fission. The world has never been the same since. Hahn and Strassmann were awarded the Nobel Prize.