MENELIK II

We generally associate expansionism in Africa with the European powers, but under Menelik, Ethiopia expanded its empire greatly while the Europeans were carving up other parts of Africa. When the Italians who didn’t take Ethiopia seriously, tried to grab the territory that Menelik had already grabbed, Menelik’s forces repulsed then in a humiliating defeat for Italy at Adowa in 1896. As a Christian Empire, Menelik thought Ethiopia had a right to African expansionism along with the Christian European powers as bringing Christianity to the pagans was one of the major moral justifications of African expansionism.

Ethiopia, then the only Christian country in Africa, was imperialistic and interested in private military adventurers to expand their empire just as the English, French, Belgians and Germans were. See Menelik’s statement on imperialism {607290}.

The basic treaty sold some of Ethiopia’s colonial territory (Eritrea and Tigray) to Italy in exchange for arms. Italy had tried to conquer the area but lost 500 men in the Battle of Dogali. However, after this peace treaty, Italy maintained that Article 17 of the treaty gave them the right to declare Ethiopia an Italian Protectorate which they did. However, there were two different versions of the treaty that the Italians had drawn up—one in Italian, the other in Aramaic. Britain, Belgium and Germany supported Italy; France, Turkey and Russia supported Ethiopia. Menelik then, to make matters clear, repudiated the treaty in 1893. Italy send an invasion force that was soundly thrashed by the Ethiopians setting the stage for the Italian attack on Ethiopia in World War II years later. Parties to International treaties thereafter have paid close attention to the different language versions.

There is a striking similarity of speech between Menelik and the monarchs of Europe with respect to his Divine right of rule and dependence on God. Ethiopia, in contrast to the rest of Africa, was a Christian kingdom and had been so for centuries. Menelik mobilized his people and produced a humiliating defeat for the Italians at Adowa in 1896 who never forgot and returned to conquer Ethiopia in the early part of World War II.

There is a striking similarity of speech between Menelik and the monarchs of Europe with respect to his Divine right of rule and dependence on God. Ethiopia, in contrast to the rest of Africa, was a Christian kingdom and had been so for centuries. Menelik mobilized his people and produced a humiliating defeat for the Italians at Adowa in 1896 who never forgot and returned to conquer Ethiopia in the early part of World War II.

We generally associate expansionism in Africa with the European powers, but under Menelik, Ethiopia expanded its empire greatly while the Europeans were carving up other parts of Africa. When the Italians who didn’t take Ethiopia seriously, tried to grab the territory that Menelik had already grabbed, Menelik’s forces repulsed then in a humiliating defeat for Italy at Adowa in 1896. As a Christian Empire, Menelik thought Ethiopia had a right to African expansionism along with the Christian European powers as bringing Christianity to the pagans was one of the major moral justifications of African expansionism.

Ethiopia, then the only Christian country in Africa, was imperialistic and interested in private military adventurers to expand their empire just as the English, French, Belgians and Germans were. See Menelik’s statement on imperialism {607290}.

The basic treaty sold some of Ethiopia’s colonial territory (Eritrea and Tigray) to Italy in exchange for arms. Italy had tried to conquer the area but lost 500 men in the Battle of Dogali. However, after this peace treaty, Italy maintained that Article 17 of the treaty gave them the right to declare Ethiopia an Italian Protectorate which they did. However, there were two different versions of the treaty that the Italians had drawn up—one in Italian, the other in Aramaic. Britain, Belgium and Germany supported Italy; France, Turkey and Russia supported Ethiopia. Menelik then, to make matters clear, repudiated the treaty in 1893. Italy send an invasion force that was soundly thrashed by the Ethiopians setting the stage for the Italian attack on Ethiopia in World War II years later. Parties to International treaties thereafter have paid close attention to the different language versions.