JAMES H. ROWE

Defense appropriations have always been easier to get than civilian. Often the military subsidies deliberately were used to strengthen or create civilian enterprises. The American aviation industry would not have developed without military subsidies. American mass production manufacturing was developed with military contracts given to Eli Whitney. And in modern times the Internet was developed with Defense Department Research funds.

The ride was the 1933 inaugural where the outgoing President rode down Pennsylvania Avenue with his successor. Roosevelt had tried to engage Hoover in conversation and Hoover refused. For years after that FDR used to tell the story and would imitate Hoover with grunts and facial contortions.

FDR did not have a chief of staff. Some say that he acted as his own chief of staff. Unlike most other modern presidents, FDR liked to hear different points of view informally. He did not respect lines of authority and talked to people privately throughout the government without going through channels.

He had helped with the Truman Campaign of 1948. Truman had no rich supporters and the radio networks, like most businesses, supported his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey. They charged high rates for a campaign speech.

The ride was the 1933 inaugural where the outgoing President rode down Pennsylvania Avenue with his successor. Roosevelt had tried to engage Hoover in conversation and Hoover refused. For years after that FDR used to tell the story and would imitate Hoover with grunts and facial contortions.

Defense appropriations have always been easier to get than civilian. Often the military subsidies deliberately were used to strengthen or create civilian enterprises. The American aviation industry would not have developed without military subsidies. American mass production manufacturing was developed with military contracts given to Eli Whitney. And in modern times the Internet was developed with Defense Department Research funds.

FDR did not have a chief of staff. Some say that he acted as his own chief of staff. Unlike most other modern presidents, FDR liked to hear different points of view informally. He did not respect lines of authority and talked to people privately throughout the government without going through channels.

He had helped with the Truman Campaign of 1948. Truman had no rich supporters and the radio networks, like most businesses, supported his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey. They charged high rates for a campaign speech.