Constitutional Safeguards Quotes



The Presidential election of 1800 produced a crisis even greater than that of 2000. There was an Electoral College tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr—both of the same party, Democratic Republicans. The Federalist Party led by President John Adams had been totally rejected by the voters and Adams was in third place. However, the Federalists saw an opportunity of maintaining the Presidency anyway. The Constitution threw the election into the House of Representatives with each State delegation having a single vote. In the House, the Federalists had parity with Jefferson’s party which resulted in 35 tie votes. Finally, Congressman Bayard, the sole Congressman from Delaware, withheld his vote on the 36th ballot, thereby electing Thomas Jefferson of the opposition party. His reason was:


At the time most of the members of Congress were worried about the “General Government”—their term for the Federal Government---than they were, the state governments from which they had come and were in their minds represented. If would be almost a century before it was generally accepted that the States themselves must follow the Constitution and its amendments. Madison was way ahead of his time, and saw that rights must be protected from all levels of government.


This quotation is often used as the antithesis of national pluralism. When India was partitioned, there were Muslims and Hindus both who subscribed to this view. The result was vicious interethnic slaughter and ethnic cleansing. However there was a large middle ground who did not accept this monocultural view of a nation. Many millions of Indian Muslims chose to stay in India as minorities and there were 200 million Muslims in India by the beginning of the 21st century. Modern India, is along with the United States, one of the leading ethnic and cultural pluralistic countries in the world. Pakistan was and still is totally monolithic. But it was India where Muslims have much more freedom than there Islamic brothers in Pakistan which although all Islamic constantly has better strife and killings over the degree of orthodoxy the State religion should take.